1945 The Creation Of the Cold War

What, Why and Who triggered the Cold War scenario ?

We have by now already learned about some of the groups and special interests and their drive for self interest, wealth and global domination through increasing control of intelligence information, business, monopolies and governmental leveraging. The old Hegelian Method of creating the problems – reactions - solutions has often been at play to expand their psychological disposition of global dominance. In order to gain global dominance and increase wealth, resources and influence these interests have elaborately, and historically, considered it necessary to create conflicts, wars, major events and false flags to push the world outcome towards their advantage, more or less indifferent to human suffering or destruction.

Creating the problem. Whithout atomic weapons there will be no cold war. Circumstances of major nature and dignity has to be developed to enable such a play. A global partisation, the East vs West scenario would fit the costume and offer great "potential" and "opportunities"for increased exploitation, business, resource confiscation and global dominance.

- The Cold War was initiated 1945 with events sorrounding the investigations and negotiations of the Washington Agreements in June of 1946. The Wallenberg family Conglomerate, The Bush family Conglomerate and a few other corporations have had their assets frozen by the Allied forces and the American Government due to illegal financial activities and business under the law "Trading with the Enemy Act". This is a Law that is still existing today.

Jacob and Marcus Wallenberg had inherited and expanded a vast global business conglomerate with strategical influence of products and services for many nations infrastructure and power grid networks. They had also large corporate influence in, mining, weapon, chemistry, medical, science and finance markets. They had the control over many global companies; Jacob had 23 and Marcus 33. But within the Wallanberg family they where competitors and rivals in many strategies and ideological matters. In the Washington negotiations they would argue that they hardly knew eachother. They where faithful to their creed "Esse Non Videri" (Act whithout being seen) but in this investigation they where exposed and the American Government had in their hand evidence that would end their Global Conglomerate structure and bring them to Accountability.

The Bosch affair was a chain of events, with a complicated plot, which took place during the years 1939-1950. It became widely known in August 1945 when the United States accused brothers Jacob and Marcus Wallenberg and Stockholms Enskilda Bank of having been buoys / fronts of the Bosch Group during World War II. All with the aim of making profitable international investments by protecting the German subsidiaries from confiscation in enemy countries. The allegations led to the bank's and the Wallenberg brothers' assets in the US were blocked and the US authorities argued for a blacklisting of both the brothers and the bank.

The Swedish Government was, and had been, for at least a hundred years, beholden to the Wallenberg Empire and was put up by the Wallenbergs to take the hit from any unfavourable verdict of the Washington hearings. It was a role they had to play and major Swedish politicians lied through their teeth any time the matter of accountability where brought up. Some notes to be made about the pre-historic circumstances leading up to the Bosch affair are these;

• After WW1, europe laid in devastation and economic ruin. Hjalmar Schacht, a German politician, financial expert and later also financial minister and head of the German Central Bank assisted in reconstructig the German currency in close cooperation with his mentor the Swedish Bank oligarch Marcus Laurentius Wallenberg.

  • This Allowed for the National Central Banks, through mentoring from the Swedish Bank oligarch Wallenberg, the international Banking cartel to create, after Swedish model-being the worlds first Central Bank in 1668, a Central Bank of the Central Banks – BIS (The Bank of International Settlements) in 1931 as a front for the many central Banks with endless money printing without future Gold backing. The creation of BIS (Bank for International Settlements) in 1931 was the initiation of a globalist Deep State action to take control over the worlds money creation, manufacturing a Global banking ring controlling the smaller national central bank rings with endless moneyprinting aiming to acquire corporate structures, create international supranational organizations and buy political powers on a Global scale. But it also made it possible to play out a further divide worldwide through their created cold war scenario.

  • Felix Somary was an Austrian-Swiss banker who, together with Hjalmar Schacht, reorganized the national Bank of occupied Belgium during WW1. He predicted the great depression (1929) already in 1926. He was one of many advisors for the new creation of BIS in 1931. Somary somehow also understood in advance in 1931, that in order to reorganize and "recover" European finances, 3 important events had to occur:

  1. The Ivar Kreuger Bonds. The Crash of the Kreuger Empire was, for the Wallenberg existence and expansion plans, a necessary event for the world economy to "recover" after the arranged American Banker financial crash of 1929 (The bankers removed liquidity from the markets). Wich corporate structures ended up acquiring (confiscating) the major Krueger companies ? The Wallenberg Conglomerate did !

  2. The "recovery" proclaimed by the world bankers with the Wallenberg family behind the curtains, could not happen if the Pound continued to be fixed to the Goldbase. So the Pound had to be loosenedd from the Goldbase. Marcus Laurentius Wallenberg mentored Hjalmar Schacht through these operations.

  3. And as a final "recovery" term, The German Banking system had to be "reformed" after the collaps of the Kreuger Empire.

  • There were opponents to these events to take place and who recognized the dark forces at play. One of them were of course Ivar Kreuger himself, who was shot in his hotel room in Paris on March 12, 1932.

  • The Prime Minister of France and Nobel Peace Prize recipient in 1926, Aristide Briand, died in Paris on March 7, 1932.

  • The Prime Minister of Japan, Inukai Tsuyoshi, who was murdered by the Black Dragon Society on May 15, 1932.

  • On March 13, 1932 elections were held in Germany resulting in election fraud since approx 200 000 votes had disappeared. The election process had to be remade wich favored Adolf Hitler who came to power. Hitler had received financial support many years prior him being elected chancler in 1932 from a number of Wall Street Bank oligarchs. (The Harriman bank, the Warburg Bank, JP Morgan, Ford Corporation, General Motors,….). This has been validated through documents and historic investigations from various perspectives. One of the best and encompassing study were made by the historian, investigator and author Anthony C. Sutton who lays out his material in the book "Wall Street and rise of Hitler".

  • From 1940 to 1946 the BIS was headed by its president Thomas Harrington McKittrick, who was an American Banker who had close relationships with Hitlers Third Reich. McKittrick had great admiration for his financial mentor Marcus Laurentius Wallenberg and was family friend with Allen Dulles, a US Intelligence officer. Just as the headquarters of BIS, he was also based in switzerland during WW2. Dulles made it to the top whithin the OSS (Office of Startegical Services) and later became the Director of the CIA 1954 (Central Intelligence Agency) the OSS offspring. Allen Dulles was also a highly ranked lawyer and defended the Wallenbergs in the Washington negotiations due to the Wallenbergs extensive business tradings with the Nazi-enemy before and during WW2. Allen Dulles was part of the CIA foundation under the 1st CIA chief Roscoe H. Hillenkoetter during operation "Paperclip" were thousands of former Nazi-scientists, doctors and operatives, many of them saved from the Nuremberg trials prosecutions of war crimes and crimes against humanity. Were brought in to the USA under other papers and identities to partake and form the CIA, FBI and later formed letter Agencies.

  • The Wallenberg Bank SEB (Stockholms Enskilda Bank 1856-1971, today merged with Skandinaviska Banken in 1972 and exist today as Skandinaviska Enskilda Banken) and their acquisition of 8 Bosch Companies and the majority of finance volume were shares in the American Bosch Company.

  • The Wallenberg and The Bush family assets in the US where blocked and frozen in the Washington Investigations 1945 due to the families compromised trades with the Enemy. In this blockation layed the American Bosch Company and the Bosch subsidiaries in the US.

  • With the help from the Sullivan & Cromwell lawfirm and Allen Dulles, the Wallenbergs managed to get away from hard justice, rendered only economical restrictions over limited time. Sweden as a nation, was instead put forward to sign documents of war crimes and judged to pay reparations wich they did until it was fullfilled during the 1990:s. This was contracted to remain a secret and not to be revealed for the Swedish population, living in the notion of their "neutral" status.

  • The development of a nuclear threat was introduced to the world as fear factor and with great potential for further global control.

  • When the dust began to settle after WW2, the plans for further division of the world was enacted all in accordance with the business strategy of the Wallenberg conglomerate and their accomplices. Allen Dulles was the first civilian Director of Central Intelligence (DCI), and its longest-serving director to date (1953-1961). As head of the Central Intelligence Agenyc (CIA) during the early Cold War, he oversaw the 1953 Iranian coup d'état, the 1954 Guatemalan coup d'état, the Lockheed U-2 aircraft program, the Project MKUltra mind control program and the Bay of Pigs Invasion. He was fired by John F. Kennedy over the latter fiasco. Dulles became CIA director in the early cold war period and his relations with the Wallenbergs were of a shared game strategy.

  "Luck is when circumstances comes into preparation". In a relatively short period of time, chance has it, that the3 "recovery" terms stated above, magically as it seems, comes into fruition within just about 2 months.

  (Etableringen av det kalla kriget – 7:07 min)

  The Deep State dreams of Russian Resources, acting out the devide and conquer strategies.

  After the World War 2 and during the Washington agreements, the Cold War had started. The Wallenbergs had established dominance within the intelligence community. The company Ericsson had a monopoly on telecommunications and the cryptograph company (Cryptograph AB – Boris Hagelin) had a gentlemens´s agreement with the newly formed NSA (National Security Agency). Allen Dulles, who was deeply in bed with the Wallenbergs was now the head of the CIA (Central Intelligence Agency-1947) and the CIA and Cryptograph AB would also later sign a licensing deal for more than 140 000 cryptography machines to be manufactured and sent to the allied intelligence services.

  Reinhard Gehlen, who was the head of Nazi intelligence stationed on the eastern front during the WW2, somehow escaped prosecution in the Nuremberg trials. After the WW2, Gehlen the head of intelligence for West Germany. He was spymaster of the CIA affiliated anti-communist Gehlen organization. He was also the founding president of the Federal Intelligence Service of West Germany and their expert on Russia. Ghelen played an important role in cleaning up the evidence that incriminated the Wallenberg familyin their activities during the WW2. Ghelen had information that was used to leverage many important persons and nobilities to escape both the trials at Nuremberg, and also staking out his career after the War.

  The Wallenberg family have with a few occasions stated publicly that they see their strategic business decisions at least on a 100 year timeline. Russia has always been a priority price for the deep state due to the enourmous natural resources. Control of the money and control of information is only part of it. They are mechanisms of control. The biggest price is to control the vast natural resources of the largest areal country in the world, Russia. There has been some attempts and ambitions to conquer or subdue Russia or parts of Russia through history. The Nazis in WW2, the Austria-Hungary-German-Ottoman in WW1, the Napoleonic invasion 1812 and the attempts from the Swedish King Karl XII in 1708-1709 are a few examples. They all have the same outcome in common, they all failed. The vast resources of Russia has remained in Russian domain. The deep state control of the on and off swith - mechanisms of War through money, information and leverage on nations and Empires have played out, but the biggest price is still on their minds.

  In order to see the bigger picture on the planning of the Cold War, we have to back to the early 1900;s. Then we must visit the Swedish parliament. In 1905 though, the deep state performed their first attempt on creating a revolution in Russia. In the previous yer 1904, the deep state pulled on the strings of the Japanese Emperor Ibo Takahashi and started the Russian-Japanese War. The funding for this war came from an American banker named Jacob Schiff. The Russian-Japanese War was meant to weaken the Russian military to create momentum for the upcoming Russian revolution. Japan launched an attack at the Russian naval base in Port Arthur in Liaodong Peninsula in China after first starting mock negotiations with Russia in order to catch them off guard. In December of 1905, the Tzar of Russia Nikolai 2, managed to overcome the revolutionaries. The leaders of the revolutionaries, including a man called Lev Trotskii, were imprisoned. During this time between 1905 – 1907 some individuals with familiar last names sat together in Swedish Parliament representing the Liberal Coalition party. Karl Warburg (of the same rich Warburg family who historically managed one of the largest banking companies in Europe – The Warburg Bank), Knut Agathon Wallenberg (board member of Stockholms Enskilda Bank and also founded British Bank of Northern Commerce), Gustaf Oscar Wallenberg (he was Swedens first diplomat in Japan and East Asia and also founded the East Asia Company wich actually was a rebranding and a copy of the Old East India Companies), Sven Palme (Founder of the Thule life insurance Company – later resulting in the Nazi list of Jewish European Wealth) and Arvid Lindman (Admiral, member of the Protectionist Party, he was also director general of the Telegraph board during this time and chairman of the Swedish public telephone company, wich later was consolidated with Ericsson after the death of Ivar Kreuger).

  Arvid Lindman financed the Bolshevik revolutionary Vladimir Lenin, just before the second Russian revolution. It was, and is still today, considered to be a highly revealing act for a right leaning politician to fund the "enemy". Considering that Arvid Lindman had backing of his banking friends it follows a pattern of international bankers funding Marxist /Communist opposition historically, with the funding of Karl Marx in mind (The book "Wall street and the Bolshevik revolution" professor, researcher and Author Antony C. Sutton). The Deep State had their focus and financial interest in the success of second Russian revolution. Lev Trotskii, who was the leader of the first revolution attempt, he later managed to flee to the United States. In the US, he was recruited by Jacob Schiff (the same Schiff that provided the funding for the Russian-Japanese War). The Schiff family was deeply connected to both the American side of the Warburg family and good friends with Theodore Roosevelt, who had gotten the Nobel Peace Prize in 1906 for mediating in that same Russian-Japanese War, with courtesy from the Wallenberg family who controlles the Nobel Price organization. The Nobel Prize awards are given to individuals who has proven themselves useful or to lend credibility to their Character. There are a number of examples through history, but to make it more obvious – remember Barack Obama he got the Nobel Peace Prize having barely set foot in office.

  In the same time phrame, the stock market crashed in "The panic of 1907". This followed a familiar historic pattern of being arranged by the Deep State Operators. This was done to pave the way for the establishment of the Private Federal Reserve in 1913. To keep the control of money the Deep State needed the Fed to further advance their plans of ackumulating world resources and implementing leverage through a global economic debth system.

  So Lev Trotskii was recruited by Jacob Schiff and was subsequently trained on the Rockefeller estate, in guerrilla warfare. The planning was advancing and gave a green light for Vladimir Lenin, the leader of the second Bolshevik Revolution, and the start of the second attempt. Lenin was laying low in Switzerland when it was decided in 1917 that the operation was given the green light. Max Warburg, the chairman of M.M Warburg and Company – the Warburg Bank, arranged for Lenins travels through Europe. Lenin arrived in Sweden where he was supplied with a new suit and some finances by the banking group behind Admiral Arvid Lindman. After this encounter Lenin made his way to Russia through Finland. The person responsible for Lev Trotskiis return to Russia was a man called Claude Dansey. Dansey was a member of MI5. The fact that the Intelligence community was involved in the Russian Revolution should be of no surprise as the Deep State has gotten more power and influence than purely national interests. Some of the Old power structures like the British Empire had, by this time, already been subdued to an intelligence community in the hands of the Deep State. Those who control the information network and its infrastructure, controls pretty much everything. Control of information and Money controls governments.

  This time, the revolution was successful.

  On July 17th, 1918, Tzar Nikolai 2, and his family were executed outside Ekaterinburg. Upon the order of a man named Yurovsky the Tzar family lost their lives in a very clumsy and brutal execution. Several family members were still alive on the floor after the shootings as their many jewels had shielded them from many bullets. Instead the executioners had to use knives and brutal force to get the job done, this went on for 20 minutes. The bodies were loaded on to trucks and transported to a selected location. The corpses were undressed and their valuables stolen. Sulfuric acid and kerosene were poured over the bodies and then they burned them. The remains were buried in a shallow grave that was not discovered until 1989.

  What happened in Russia after the revolution was a classic case of divide and conquer. Lenin governed Russia until his death in 1924. Joseph Stalin, who took power after Lenins death, was a bit harder to handle for the Deep State. Stalin believed in communism while the Deep State had just utilized it as a tool to drive out the Tzar. Stalin was many times cathegorized as a psychopath by those who wanted him gone and was said to have many brutal and paranoid aspects in his character. He was convinced that someone was wiretapping the telephones. Maybe he was not so paranoid in this case after all. Who had the control over the thelephone infrastructure after Ivar Kreugers death 1932 ?

  The Cold War was a construction of the Washington Deep State.

  This construct was under major influence of a Swedish entity. It was a creation by, among others, the Dulles brothers. Allen Dulles was the head of the CIA and his brother John Foster Dulles was the US Secretary of State. They kept their positions for a very long time. They had a vested interest in the Cold War. It was not just because the Wallenberg Investor needed it. It was a situation that both parties benefited from. The Wallenbergs had some significant leverage over them, as they had on many important leaders, politicians, heads of Authorities and corporate CEO;s, controlling and tapping information from telechominfrastuctural networks globally. The Dulles brothers used the Cold War to protect their clients of their law firm, Sullivan & Cromwell. The Wallenbergs were one of their major clients whom they defended aginst the Allies after the end of the WW2 in the Bosch affair.

  They used the Cold War both to increase their power and budgets, utilizing their high positions in the government. This emerged into an principal operational Playbook that is still in operation today:

  1. When any reformist, democratically elected governments would emerge in any nation of interest, the Dulles brothers would see it as a threat to the holdings of their law firms clients in these countries.

  2. These holdings often acquired bribes to undemocratic governments to divert the country´s resources and wealth towards the Deep State. Not just in America but also to other major enteties around the world since the Deep State is a Global phenomenon merging big corporate interests with governments and with the aim to accumulate as much global resorces and wealth as possible, assembling under the modern umbrella of "Globalism". Some would, not far fetched at all, call it "Fascism".

  (With the help of the debt-based financial system, the deep state has forced countries to borrow over their assets, making it easy to exert pressure to increase the deep state's control, power and takeover of natural resources. Today, the deep state has merged global corporate conglomerates, governments, and international organizations, using these budgets to increase the debt burden (dependency) and send tax dollars and government grants to countries it wants to control. These contributions have percentage kickbacks to the Deep State actors and the politicians and officials who play along. It is a sort of "Pay for Play" method.)

  3. Any reformist government would be declared either Marxist or Communist, or any -istic ending for that matter, The CIA and the US State Department would then work together to overthrow it in order to place a dictator (under Deep State Control) in power. These acts are often done today under the guise of spreading "humanitarian aid", "democracy", "color revolutions" or "emergency aid" focused on nations or regions who does not align with the Deep State Global interests.

  4. The Global Corporate Conglomerate, in this case, the Wallenbergs, would act without being seen, and reap the rewards of billion dollar contracts through Investor.

  This was the method, and still is today with minor adjustments, by wich the Deep State, at that time through the Dulles brothers, the CIA, the US State Department and the Wallenberg brothers aimed to retain and increase their power and influence. Self interest at its high and a very special interest group.

  Investor and the Wallenbergs lay their hands on:

  • The mining Industry through their company Atlas Copco.

  • They control the telecommunications and surveillance through the company Ericsson.

  • They also control the power grid through their company ABB.

  • They are a major exporter of advanced weapon systems and carriers through Companies as SAAB, Bofors Dynamics, Gripen International, Microwave Systems, Hägglunds.

  • Oil can be extracted, whenever there is profitable circumstances, through their company Lundin Oil.

  • Investor has the first hand informations regarding every important business transaction or intelligence movement under the sun through their developed intelligence division.

  The Deep State has control over the narcotics industry through the intelligence community. Any drug lord wannabe or cartel has always been allowed to operate as long as they run the errands of the Deep State. The same goes for every criminal branch with medium to high turnover under the sun, human trafficking, slave labor, copyright and brand thefts and the list goes on.

  We often find former politicians, ministers and higher up government leaders in very compromising positions, commissions and as boardmembers in many of the Wallenberg Global Corporations. Let us just take one example; Google Lundin Oil and Sudan. You then notice the connections between Lundin Oil and Swedish politician and diplomat Carl Bildt. Searching Carl Bildt you might find out how he is connected to the Clinton Foundation and George Soros. The modus operandai pattern repeats when searching other Politicians and prime ministers such as Göran Persson or Fredrik Reinfeldt. It is all a global interconnected family as it seems. Or as comedian George Carlin once stated, "It is a big club but you are not in it."

  When the Deep State has successfully taken hold of a country in order to steal and control its natural resources, it´s not easy to get rid of them. The goal is always to achieve increased power grabs on a global scale and It is a force that can never be satisfied. For hundreds of years they have tried to manipulate and arrange conflicts in order to get control over Russia.As the largest country on the surface, with enormous natural resources and wealth, Russia has always been, and still is, at the top of the deep state's wish list. And they have shown throughot history, that they are prepared to do anything to get control over Russia.

  The organization of the Cold War was of the utmost importance in creating the friction and partisanship that would inevitably lead to a weakened and turbulent Russia and a dismemberment of Russia's natural resources and wealth. Those who would be the winners of this development were the same ones who created the scenario, the Dulles brothers, the bank-controlled military industrial complex, the CIA, the US State Department and Wallenberg controlled Investor. This special interest group had a tight welding. They all knew eachother and had a common business plan long term worked out.

  The Soviet government, unlike the US government today, had no world hegemonic aspirations. Joseph Stalin had declared socialism in one country and had purged the Trotskyists, meaning the communists who advocated for world revolution and creating religious polarization of a more long term aspiring nature. Communism in China and Eastern Europe were not products of Soviet international communism. Mao Zedong was to a vast extent his own man with attached ideological creations, and the Soviet Union held Eastern Europe while the Red Army expelled the Nazis. This created a buffer zone against any actions from a "hostile" West. To clarify: There was never any real threat from the Red Army to invade Europe. Stalin declared socialism in one country and cleansed his Communist Party of Trotskyists and the so called Jewish elements (Khazarian Jews) who preached the world revolution all to maintain an underlying long term polarization. This stalemate gave the military industrial complex the ability to keep the war going on for decades and perhaps forever.

  The special interest group (The Dulles Brothers, the bank-controlled military industrial complex, the US State Department, the creation of the CIA in 1947 and the Wallenberg conglomerate) must have been both pleased and fortunate. If the outcome where to be endless perpetual wars this group would eventually succeed in their common quest for total world domination.

  But, fortunately there was a growing resistance towards the actions and deeds of the Deep State operators. Counterforces were forming alongside and well hidden to form its strength.

  When the Hitler Project had served its purpose for the Deep State, they manufactured the Cold War and the polarization between the West – Capitalism and the East – Communism. This was done in order to get the general public´s acceptance for further wars. The Nazis were used as the executive arm of the Deep State at the start of the second World War, as their war machine. This then shifted to the US military. The Deep State does not favor, like or proclaim loyalty to any nation over the other. Nations and their powers are only used if they can offer beneficial circumstances for the Deep State to grow and advance their plans of furthering their world domination agenda. They are the true "Globalists" and will in time (today) mirror and project the term "Globalism" onto the world as a good and benevolent global movement tied to enhancing the created environment issues, connectivity and the idea of a Global Governance (A New World Order).

  Somewhere after the WW2 upon the creation of the CIA (The Global Mafia Corporation), relizing its true purpose, there was a divide behind the official scenes between the US Military forces as a silent division of a river resulting in a Deep State river and a counterforce river. The Counterforces was, at that time, in numbers and strength the minority, and as such had to organize and operate in stealth mode. But the counterforces kept growing in numbers and by the end of the 1950:s it was clear to both sides that there was a significant counterforce in place almost as strong as the Deep State forces. This was clearly officialized when Dwight D Eisenhower made his famous presidential farewell speach on January 17, 1961:

  Dwight D Eisenhower gave his final televised Address to the Nation from the Oval Office. In his farewell speech, Eisenhower raised the issue of the Cold War and role of the U.S. armed forces. He described the Cold War: "We face a hostile ideology global in scope, atheistic in character, ruthless in purpose and insidious in method ..." and warned about what he saw as unjustified government spending proposals and continued with a warning that "we must guard against the acquisition of unwarranted influence, whether sought or unsought, by the military–industrial complex."

  He elaborated, "we recognize the imperative need for this development ... the potential for the disastrous rise of misplaced power exists and will persist ... Only an alert and knowledgeable citizenry can compel the proper meshing of the huge industrial and military machinery of defense with our peaceful methods and goals, so that security and liberty may prosper together."

  The counterforces got their president of choice in office for almost 2 years and started the preparation of a takeover, but were forced to abort further plans due to the Deep State assassination of John F Kennedy. Back to the drawing board again. The Counterforces regrouped, adjusted and made changes for a later day. The surveillance, recordings and documentation of the Deep State organizations, individuals and operations were now intensified and added into building a strengthened counterforce structure for future operations.

  The Military Industrial Complex issue and the important Eisenhower declaration will be adress in a chapter later in this book.

  So, through the Deep State controlled media (also adressed in later chapters), they drum up fear1 in the publics´s mind (problem – reaction1 – solution methodology) towards a certain entity or event (created scenarios). During the Cold War, the entity was Communism. But the fear of communism itself was not big enough. In order to start the Cold War something big was needed.

  Introduce, the atom bomb.

  Jakob Schiff had financed the Russian–Japanese war through a man named Takahashi Korekiyo, and the Emperor Shōwa-tennō-Hirohito, was nothing more than a Deep State puppet. The Central Bank of Japan was founded after the Meiji Restoration, a revolution in 1868, wich restored imperial rule under the Japanese Emperor. The revolution resulted in the establishment of a Central Bank and installation of a dictator (the familiar Playbook method). The Japanese Emperor Hirohito made sure to delay the ending of the second World War, even though his generals wanted to surrender in 1944. No atomb bomb over Hiroshima and Nagasaki – No Cold War.

  Shōwa-tennō-Hirohito, recieved the highest Swedish distinction, The Royal Order of the Seraphim (Kungliga Serafimerorden) (in the charter of the Seraphims) is a Swedish royal order of chivalry/state order established on 23 February 1748, on the advice of the Estates, by King Frederick I. The Order is Sweden's foremost and highest award. It is awarded in a class with the dignity of knight or, for women and ecclesiastical officials, a member. Since the reform of the Order in 1975, it is awarded only to foreign heads of state or persons of equal equality and, since 1995, to members of the Swedish royal family. Why did Hirohito recieve this award ? What kind of services and agreements where acknowledged through this Distinction ? Were the Wallenbergs involved ?

  Gustaf Oscar Wallenberg tied strong contacts with the Japan during his stay there. He did what all Wallenbergs did, connected the Swedish Industrial Wallenberg Conglomerate interest to new markets and the opportunity to increase their power and influence towards a controlled grid status. Control the input to control the output.

  After the reorganization of Sweden's diplomacy after the dissolution of the union with Norway 1905, Wallenberg was called upon for its duties and in 1906 was appointed envoy in Tokyo from 1907 he was also accredited in Beijing. Wallenberg thus became the first permanently stationed Swedish career diplomat in East Asia. At the same time he was promoted to commander of the 1st degree. Gustaf Oscar Wallenberg used all the tricks and experience of the ackumulated Wallenberg diplomacy and industrial insights to connect just the bridgehead for increased business control and future strategical plans in Japan. The Royal Order of the Seraphim bears a heavy obligation.

  On 2 July 1908, Wallenberg concluded a "Treaty of Friendship, Trade and Shipping" with the Chinese Qing court. The treaty was in line with other treaties that China concluded with several Western powers around the turn of the last century. On the one hand, the treaty reaffirmed the extensive privileges Sweden used with the Treaty of Canton in 1847 (The Wallenberg Nobility where deeply in bed with the British and American Opium tradings and their own East India Company), on the other hand, the new treaty provided the opportunity for the abolition of many of these privileges after China reformed its judiciary.

  The Norwegian scientist Kristian Olaf Bernhard Birkeland (13 December 1867 – 15 June 1917), was a physicist famous for his theories of atmospheric electric currents that elucidated the nature of the aurora borealis. In order to fund his research on the aurorae, he invented the electromagnetic cannon and the Birkeland–Eyde process of fixing nitrogen from the air. Birkeland was nominated for the Nobel Prize seven times, The scale of Birkeland's research enterprises was such that funding became an overwhelming obstacle. Recognizing that technological invention could bring wealth, he developed an electromagnetic cannon and, with some investors, formed a firearms company. The coil-gun worked, except the high muzzle velocities he predicted (600 m/s) were not produced. The most he could get from his largest machine was 100 m/s, corresponding to a disappointing projectile range of only 1 km. So he renamed the device an aerial torpedo and arranged a demonstration with the express aim of selling the company. At the demonstration, one of the coils shorted and produced a sensational inductive arc complete with noise, flame, and smoke. This was the first failure of any of the launchers that Birkeland had built. It could easily have been repaired and another demonstration organized.

  However, fate intervened in the form of an engineer named Sam Eyde. At a dinner party only one week later, Eyde told Birkeland that there was an industrial need for the biggest flash of lightning that can be brought down to Earth in order to make artificial fertilizer. Birkeland's reply was, "I have it!"((( Birkeland wrote 1906 to the Swedish influencial investor family the Wallenberg brothers for funding and got the green light for investments))). There were no more attempts to sell the firearms company, and he worked with Eyde only long enough to build a plasma arc device for the nitrogen fixation process. The pair worked to develop the prototype furnace into a design that was economically viable for large-scale manufacture. The resulting company,Norsk Hydro, hugely enriched Norway, and Birkeland then enjoyed adequate funding for research, his only real interest.

  The Birkeland–Eyde process is relatively inefficient in terms of energy consumption. Therefore, in the 1910s and 1920s, it was gradually replaced in Norway by a combination of the Haber process and the Ostwald process.

  In 1913, Birkeland may have been the first to predict that plasma was ubiquitous in space. He wrote: "It seems to be a natural consequence of our points of view to assume that the whole of space is filled with electrons and flying electric ions of all kinds. We have assumed that each stellar system in evolutions throws off electric corpuscles into space. It does not seem unreasonable therefore to think that the greater part of the material masses in the universe is found, not in the solar systems or nebulae, but in 'empty' space.".

  In 1916, Birkeland was probably the first person to successfully predict that the solar wind behaves as do all charged particles in an electric field: "From a physical point of view it is most probable that solar rays are neither exclusively negative nor positive rays, but of both kinds". In other words, the solar wind consists of both negative electrons and positive ions.

  Suffering from severe paranoia due to his use of barbital as a sleeping aid, he died under mysterious circumstances in his room in the Hotel Seiyoken in Tokyo while visiting colleagues at the University of Tokyo. A post-mortem revealed that Birkeland had taken 10 g of barbital the night he died, instead of the 0.5 g recommended. The time of death was estimated at 3am on 15 June 1917. Some authors have claimed that he committed suicide. "On the nightstand lay a revolver".

  Within the intelligence community, there are beliefs that Gustaf Oscar Wallenberg met with the Norwegian physicist Kristian Olaf Bernhard Birkeland in Tokyo to discuss some of his latest scientific theories and funding for his further research just before Birkelands mysterious and tragic death at hotel Seiyoken in Tokyo June 15, 1917. Wallenberg's return from Tokyo in early 1918 caused quite a stir. As a result of the precarious conditions caused by the war and especially the Russian Revolution, Wallenberg was stopped in Siberia, where he was detained for a long time, and then had to return to Japan and then travel across the United States to Sweden, where he did not arrive until February 1919. It is nowadays a probable thesis that Wallenberg was in possession of breakthrough scientific information, awaiting the right circumstances and ready to contribute to the science and the development of efficient energy extraction and the atomic power.

  Birkeland was a very intense and active scientist. He lived for his research and the final year of his life he made some discoveries wich he wanted to raise research funds for to continue. He wrote a letter About his ideas and need for funding to the Wallenberg brothers already in 1906. It is highly probable that Birkeland met up with Gustaf Oscar Wallenberg in Tokyo 1917 to discuss Birkelands latest scientific dissertation and further fundings. Birkeland was set to travel back home to Norway just after his tragic death and his dissertation unfortunately vanished with his death. With this in mind we also know the travel patterns mmentioned earlier of Gustaf Oscar Wallenberg.

  But what about that atomic bomb?

  Meet Elise Meitner, the real person behind nuclear fission.

  Elise Meitner – The real creator of the fission theory?

  Elise Meitners nephew, Otto Robert Frisch, designed the first theoretical mechanism for the detonation of an atomic bomb in 1940. Without Elise Meitner, no Manhattan Project, Elise Meitner performed her experiments at Superfosfate AB in Ljungaverk Sweden. This factory was owned by a company called KemaNobel, wich was under the control of the Wallenberg family. Nobel Industries were, in fact indicted in the Nuremberg trials, but the Wallenbergs, luckily were not.

  Later, when the facade of communism and the fear of the nuclear war no longer could be maintained, they shifted the Problem face in the Problem-Reaction-Solution method, to religion and the war against terrorism. When the created problem has served its purpose in the method, the next one is introduced. These seemingly eternal repetitions similar but slightly adjusted from the Hegelian Method (Thesis-Antithesis-Synthesis) results each time with increased power, control and influence in favor of the creators of the problems. The Wallenberg long term strategy always came out on top. Controlling and directing all three stages in the method lead to a secure and profitable outcome.

  When a single entity or problem is not enough, they use parallel narratives. Nazism, communism, religion, terrorism, global warming, pandemics and the climate itself. All these different narratives are just mechanisms of furthering or maintaining their grip on civilization.

  (Episode 7 – 9:10)

  Some suggestions of links for further research.

  1. Wallenberg family.

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wallenberg_family

  2. The Bosch affair.

  https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boschaff%C3%A4ren

  3. Ivar Kreuger.

  https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivar_Kreuger

  3.1. The Kreuger Empire.

  https://www.hbs.edu/faculty/Pages/item.aspx?num=30535

  https://www.riksbank.se/en-gb/about-the-riksbank/history/historical-timeline/1900-1999/the-kreuger-crash/

  https://www.liquisearch.com/ivar_kreuger/end_of_the_kreuger_empire_and_death

  https://www.ericsson.com/en/about-us/history/company/the-consequences-of-expansion/the-fall-of-the-kreuger-empire

  4. Ericsson Company.

  https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ericsson

  https://www.ericsson.com/en

  5. BIS – Bank of International Settlements,

  https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bank_for_International_Settlements

  https://www.bis.org/

  6. American Bosch Company.

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Bosch_GmbH

  https://www.bosch.com/company/

  https://www.bosch.com/stories/history-bosch-north-america/

  7. Cryptograph – Crypto AG Company.

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cryptograph

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crypto_AG

  8. Boris Hagelin.

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boris_Hagelin

  9. NSA – The National Security Agency.

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Security_Agency

  https://www.nsa.gov/

  10. Allen Dulles.

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allen_Dulles

  11. John Foster Dulles.

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Foster_Dulles

  12. CIA – Central Intelligence Agency.

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency

  https://www.cia.gov/about/

  13. Reinhard Gehelen.

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reinhard_Gehlen

  14. The Nuremberg Trials.

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuremberg_trials

  https://www.history.com/topics/world-war-ii/nuremberg-trials

  https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/the-nuremberg-trials

  https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/1946/04/nuremberg-a-fair-trial-a-dangerous-precedent/306492/

  15. The Cold War,

  https://www.britannica.com/event/Cold-War

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cold_War

  https://www.archives.gov/research/foreign-policy/cold-war/symposium/cleveland.html

  https://www.jfklibrary.org/learn/about-jfk/jfk-in-history/the-cold-war

  https://learningenglish.voanews.com/a/american-history-the-cold-war-130292758/116228.html

  https://www.historyonthenet.com/the-cold-war-timeline-2

  16. Ibo Takahashi.

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ib%C5%8D_Takahashi

  17. Jacob Schiff.

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacob_Schiff

  18. Tzar Nikolai 2, (Nicholas II).

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicholas_II_of_Russia

  https://www.biography.com/royalty/nicholas-ii

  https://www.britannica.com/biography/Nicholas-II-tsar-of-Russia

  19. Lev Trotskij (Leon Troyskij)

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leon_Trotsky

  https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lev_Trotskij

  https://www.britannica.com/biography/Leon-Trotsky

  20. Karl Warburg.

  https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Warburg

  21. Knut Agathon Wallenberg.

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knut_Agathon_Wallenberg

  22. Gustaf Oscar Wallenberg.

  https://www.wikitree.com/wiki/Wallenberg-9

  https://www.geni.com/people/Gustaf-Oscar-Wallenberg/6000000013398637718

  https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gustaf_Oscar_Wallenberg

  23. Sven Palme.

  https://de.zxc.wiki/wiki/Sven_Palme

  https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sven_Palme

  24. Arvid Lindman.

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arvid_Lindman

  25. Vladimir Lenin.

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin

  https://www.britannica.com/biography/Vladimir-Lenin

  26. Karl Marx.

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Marx

  https://www.britannica.com/biography/Karl-Marx

  https://www.investopedia.com/terms/k/karl-marx.asp

  https://www.biography.com/scholar/karl-marx

  27. Theodore Roosevelt.

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt

  https://www.britannica.com/biography/Theodore-Roosevelt

  28. The Nobel Prize.

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobel_Prize

  https://www.britannica.com/topic/Nobel-Prize

  https://www.business-standard.com/about/what-is-nobel-prize

  29. Barack Obama.

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack%20Obama

  https://www.britannica.com/biography/Barack-Obama

  30. Claude Dansey.

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claude_Dansey

  https://military-history.fandom.com/wiki/Claude_Dansey

  31.

  Elise Meitner och Otto Hahn - den senare medverkade i Manhattanprojektet - på bilden och här är ett perspektiv ur vilket detta knyter ihop dessa båda med det kalla krigets uppkomst ur ett mer amerikanskt politiskt perspektiv.

  Här finns alltså varken Wallenbergs, Warburgs, Rockefellers ens omnämnda och ändå så är det uppenbart hur det sitter ihop.

  Den 6.e Augusti 1945 var George F Kennan biträdande chef för den amerikanska beskickningen i Moskva. Från det tillfället och fram till 1949 var Kennans stjärna stigande.

  Fredagen den 29:e oktober 1948 blev en milstolpe i den västliga signalspaningens historia och definitivt inte av vad som uppges vara det positiva slaget. Detta var den dag som i underrättelsetjänstsammanhang skulle bli känd som svarta fredagen, alltså när Sovjetunionen inledde en massiv omläggning av hela sitt kommunikationssystem.

  Utan denna omläggning så hade det kalla kriget under inga som helst omständigheter kunnat uppstå, eftersom den ryska kryptografin var "forcerad" av flera underrättelsetjänster.

  Man bytte anropssignaler och man övergick till nya frekvenser och procedurer. Vad värre var introducerade man helt nya system för textskydd som UKUSA-alliansen saknade ingångar i.

  Här fanns varken några sjunkna örlogsfartyg eller nergrävda trälådor. Allt måste starta om på nytt och inte bara det, utan med en kryptoanalystisk uppförsbacke vars lutning och längd man inte kände till. Så passande nog:

  Den 25 juni 1950 gick de nordkoreanska trupperna över gränsen.

  Efter Sovjetunionens fall "har man i arkiven funnit" det är alltså Venonaprojektet vi talar om här… att Kim Il Sung rest till Moskva och diskuterat Sydkoreafrågan. Stalin motsatte sig länge ett anfall då han fruktade att USA skulle ingripa. Kim spelade då ut ledarna för Kina och Sovjetunionen mot varandra: han fick både Mao Zedong och Stalin att tro att den andre var mer positiv till ett krig än han verkligen var. Vid ett möte med Stalin i april 1950 lyckades Kim Il Sung övertyga om att det skulle bli en snabb seger och om att det inte fanns någon risk för amerikansk intervention eller för upptrappning till världskrig.

  Stalin godkände då planen under förutsättning att man även fick stöd från Kina. I maj 1950 reste Kim till Peking för att träffa Mao, som dock också oroade sig för amerikansk intervention. Men Kim sade oärligt att Stalin redan hade godkänt planerna, varefter Mao gav sitt medgivande. Både den amerikanske generalen Douglas MacArthur och utrikesministern Dean Acheson hade också offentligt sagt att USA:s försvarslinje går från Filippinerna, till Ryukyuöarna, Japan och vidare till Aleuterna, vilket alltså uteslöt Korea.

  Men så tillbaka till George F Kennan:

  1949 föreslog Kennan vad som blev känt som "Program A" eller "Plan A" för återföreningen av Tyskland, med uppgift att partitionen av Tyskland var ohållbar i det långa loppet. Kennan hävdade att det amerikanska folket förr eller senare skulle bli trötta på att ockupera sin zon i Tyskland och oundvikligen skulle kräva att USA: s trupper skulle dra sig ur. Eller alternativt förutspådde Kennan att sovjeterna skulle dra ur sina styrkor ur Östtyskland, med vetskap om att de lätt kunde återvända från sina baser i Polen och tvinga Förenta staterna att göra på samma sätt, men eftersom amerikanerna saknade baser i andra västeuropeiska länder, så skulle det överlämna fördelen till sovjeterna. Slutligen hävdade Kennan att det tyska folket var mycket stolt och inte skulle tåla att ha sin nation ockuperad av utlänningar för evigt - men bankirerna visste hur att hantera Deutsche Bank, vilket utgjorde en lösning på "tyskfrågan" - som uppfyllde det verkliga kravet.

  Kennans lösning var för återförening och neutralisering av Tyskland; tillbakadragandet av de flesta brittiska, amerikanska, Franska och sovjetiska styrkor från Tyskland med undantag för små enklaver nära gränsen som skulle tillföras via havet; och en fyrmaktskommission från de fyra ockupationsmakterna som skulle ha det yttersta ordet och samtidigt låta tyskarna till största delen styra sig själva. Helt av banan i förhållande till den Djupa Statens ambitioner med andra ord.

  Förutom för att lösa den "tyska frågan" hävdade Kennan att "program A" skulle genom att ordna så att de återstående röda arméstyrkorna i Tyskland tillhandahölls via havet, så skulle det ta bort den sovjetiska principen för att ockupera Polen och skulle se till att ett återförenat Tyskland skulle bli en " tredje styrka" under det kalla kriget, varken i linje med Moskva eller Washington.

  Kennans inflytande minskade snabbt när Dean Acheson blev statssekreterare och efterträdde den sjuklige George Marshall under 1949 och 1950. Acheson betraktade inte det sovjetiska "hotet" som huvudsakligen politiskt och han såg Berlin-blockaden som började i juni 1948, det första sovjetiska testet av ett kärnvapen i augusti 1949 som paret Rosenberg medverkade till uppkomsten av, den kommunistiska revolutionen i Kina en månad senare och början av Korea-krigeti juni 1950 som bevis.

  "Truman och Acheson beslutade" att avgränsa den västra inflytandesfären och skapa ett allianssystem. Kennan hävdade i en tidning att Asiens fastland utesluts från "inneslutnings" -politiken och skrev att USA var "mycket överutsträckt i hela sitt tänkande om vad vi kan åstadkomma och bör försöka åstadkomma" i Asien. I stället hävdade han att Japan och Filippinerna borde fungera som "hörnstenen i ett Stillahavssäkerhetssystem".

  Acheson godkände program A kort efter att han tillträdde som utrikesminister och skrev på kanten av Kennans papper att "... delningen av Tyskland inte var ett mål på sig själv". Plan A mötte därför naturligtvis massiva invändningar från Pentagon, som såg att det övergav Västtyskland till Sovjetunionen och inifrån utrikesdepartementet, med diplomaten Robert Murphy som hävdade att bara existensen av ett välmående och demokratiskt Västtyskland skulle vara destabiliserande för Östtyskland och därmed Sovjetunionen. Ännu viktigare var att plan A krävde godkännande av de brittiska och franska regeringarna och de var inte exakt för program A, utan klagade istället över att det var alldeles för tidigt att avsluta ockupationen av Tyskland. Både den allmänna opinionen i Storbritannien och ännu mer i Frankrike var rädda för vad som kan hända om de allierade lossade sin kontroll över Tyskland bara fyra år efter slutet av andra världskriget. Dessutom så av geografiska och historiska skäl så delade de inte alls Kennans syn på saken. Försäkran om att ett återförenat Tyskland endast skulle orsaka svårigheter för sovjeterna föl platt till marken. I maj 1949 läckte således en förvrängd version av plan A till den franska pressen med principförvrängningen att USA var villig att dra sig ur hela Europa i utbyte mot ett återförenat och neutralt Tyskland. För att säkerställa uppror godkände Acheson plan A.

  Kennan förlorade alltså inflytandet med Acheson, som i alla fall förlitade sig mycket mindre på sin personal än Marshall hade gjort. Kennan avgick som chef för politisk planering i december 1949 men stannade på avdelningen som rådgivare fram till juni 1950. I januari 1950 ersatte Acheson Kennan med Nitze, som var mycket bekvämare med beräkningen av en kommande militärmakt. Därefter accepterade Kennan en utnämning som gästföreläsare vid Institutet för avancerad studier av ingen mindre än Manhattanprojektets Robert Oppenheimer , då institutets chef. I oktober 1949 vann de kinesiska kommunisterna under Mao Zedong det kinesiska inbördeskriget och utropade Folkrepubliken Kina. " Kinas förlust "Som blivit känt i Förenta staterna ledde till en hård högerreaktion som leddes av republikanska politiker som Richard Nixon och Joseph McCarthy som använde" förlusten av Kina "som en bekväm klubba för att slå den demokratiska Truman-administrationen med. Truman, Acheson och andra höga tjänstemän som Kennan anklagades för att i bästa fall vara kriminellt försumliga i och med att tillåta den påstådda "förlusten av Kina".

  En av Kennans närmaste vänner, diplomaten John Paton Davies Jr. Befann sig under utredning i november 1949 som en sovjetisk spion för sin roll i "förlusten av Kina", en anklagelse som skulle förstöra hans karriär och som förskräckt Kennan. Det som särskilt störde Kennan var att Paton Davies anklagades för förräderi för att ha förutspått i en rapport att Mao skulle vinna det kinesiska inbördeskriget, som i klimatet av hysteri, orsakat av "förlusten av Kina", var tillräckligt för att leda FBI och Hoover till att börja utreda honom som en sovjetisk spion. På tal om Paton Davies-fallet varnade Kennan för att "Vi har inget skydd mot att detta händer igen", vilket ledde till att han undrade vilken diplomat som skulle utredas därefter för förräderi.

  "Den amerikanska befolkningen måste hållas i skräck inför hotet från kommunismen" och Dulles lurade Hoover BIGTIME och Hoover blev den dansens gossen ruda.

  Kennan tyckte att hysterin, som betecknades som "McCarthyism" i mars 1950 av karikatören Herbert Block, var djupt obekväm. I maj 1950 höll Kennan ett anförande i Milwaukee, den största staden i Wisconsin (staten som McCarthy representerade i senaten), där han implicit kritiserade McCarthy för att ha framfört hänsynslösa anklagelser om förräderi i samband med "förlusten av Kina". Kennan förklarade för sin publik att utrikesdepartementet hade uppgiften att tillhandahålla korrekt och snabb information, oavsett hur osmakligt och ännu mer osmakligt det var för vissa människor, så att utrikesministern och presidenten kunde formulera den bästa utrikespolitiken. Kennan klagade över att det var mycket svårt för diplomater som han själv att göra sina jobb ordentligt om de möter utsikterna att utredas för förräderi varje gång de lämnade information som vissa människor inte gillade. Här i tiden hade alltså underrättelsetjänsternas kontroll över telekominfrastrukturen slagit igenom rakt in i politiken!

  I sitt tal talade Kennan om diplomaternas betydelse " att göra en bokföring "till det amerikanska folket genom att tillhandahålla korrekt information till sina överordnade och uttalat med hänvisning till Kina" inget mer förfärligt och ödesdigert misstag "kunde ha gjorts än att" stödja med vårt blod och uppskatta en regim som tydligt hade tappat förtroendet hos sitt eget folk. Ingenting kunde ha bringat mer glädje till våra fiender ".

  Achesons politik realiserades som NSC 68 , en klassificerad rapport som utfärdades av Förenta staternas nationella säkerhetsråd i april 1950 och skriven av Paul Nitze , Kennans efterträdare som chef för policyplanering. Kennan och Charles Bohlen , en annan expert på utrikesdepartementet på Ryssland, hävdade om formuleringen av NSC 68, att det blev grunden för det kalla krigets politik. Kennan avvisade idén om att Stalin hade en storslagen design för världsövervinning som fanns implicit i Nitzes rapport och hävdade att han faktiskt fruktade överskattning av den ryska makten. Kennan hävdade till och med att NSC 68 borde faktiskt inte ha utarbetats alls, eftersom det skulle göra USA: s politik för stel, förenklad och militaristisk. Acheson åsidosatte Kennan och Bohlen och godkände antagandet av sovjetisk hot som impliceras av NSC 68.

  Kennan motsatte sig byggandet av vätebomben och ombyggnaden av Tyskland, som var en politik som uppmuntrats av antagandena från NSC 68. Under Koreakriget (som började när Nordkorea invaderade Sydkorea i juni 1950), när rykten började cirkulera i utrikesdepartementet att planer gjordes för att gå längre än den 38: e parallellen till Nordkorea, en handling som Kennan ansåg farlig, han engagerade sig i intensiva argument med biträdande statssekreterare för Far East Dean Rusk , som tydligen godkände Achesons mål att tvinga att förena Korea - alltså att inte sluta fred...

  Den 21 augusti 1950 överlämnade Kennan ett långt memo till John Foster Dulles, som vid den tidpunkten var engagerad i arbetet med det amerikansk-japanska fredsavtalet där han gick utöver förbindelserna mellan USA och Japan och gav en översikt över hans tankar om Asien i allmänhet. Han beskrev USA: s politik och tänkte på Asien som "lite lovande" och "fullt av fara". Om Korea-kriget skrev Kennan att amerikansk politik var baserad på vad han kallade "känslomässiga, moralistiska attityder" som "om de inte korrigeras, lätt kan leda oss mot verklig konflikt med ryssarna och hindra oss från att göra ett realistiskt avtal inom det området". Han stödde beslutet att ingripa i Korea, men skrev att "det är inte viktigt för oss att se en anti-sovjetisk koreansk regim utvidgas till hela Korea." Kennan uttryckte mycket rädsla för vad general Douglas MacArthur kan göra och sa att han hade "bred och relativt okontrollerad breddgrad ... när han bestämde vår politik i de nordasiatiska och västra Stillahavsområdena",

  CN. Palanthir 2019-08-08.

  Born: November 7, 1878, Vienna, Austria-Hungary
  Died: October 27, 1968, Cambridge, United Kingdom
  Awards: Enrico Fermi Award, Max Planck Medal, Lieben Prize, Otto Hahn Prize for Chemistry and Physics
  Education: University of Vienna
  Field of Study: Nuclear Physics
  Career: Kaiser Wilhelm Institute, Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences

  Lise Meitner helped discover the radioactive element protactinium, and was the first to describe and coin the term "nuclear fission" in a scientific paper. She was the first woman physics professor in Germany. The rise of the Nazis forced Dr. Meitner to flee Germany because of her Jewish ancestry. Her name was left off scientific papers in Nazi Germany. She continued her work in Sweden. Having overcome so many obstacles in life, Dr. Meitner actively supported women in science for the rest of her career. In 1997, element 109 was named in her honor: meitnerium.

  Elise Meitner(/ˈliːzəˈmaɪtnər/LEE-zə MYTE-nər, German: [ˈliːzə ˈmaɪtnɐ](listen); 7 November 1878 – 27 October 1968) was a leading Austrian-Swedish physicistwho was one of those responsible for the discovery of the element protactiniumand nuclear fission.[1]While working at the Kaiser Wilhelm Instituteon radioactivity, she discovered the radioactive isotopeprotactinium-231in 1917. In 1938, Meitner and her nephew, the physicist Otto Robert Frisch, discovered nuclear fission. She was praised by Albert Einsteinas the "German Marie Curie".[2]

  Completing her doctoral research in 1905, Meitner became the first woman from the University of Vienna and second in the world to earn a doctorate in physics. She spent most of her scientific career in Berlin, Germany, where she was a physics professor and a department head at the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute; she was the first woman to become a full professor of physics in Germany. She lost these positions in the 1930s because of the anti-Jewish Nuremberg Laws of Nazi Germany, and in 1938 she fled to Sweden, where she lived for many years, ultimately becoming a Swedish citizen.

  In mid-1938, Meitner with chemists Otto Hahn and Fritz Strassmann at the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute found that bombarding thorium with neutrons produced different isotopes. Hahn and Strassmann later in the year showed that isotopes of barium could be formed by bombardment of uranium. In late December, Meitner and Frisch worked out the phenomenon of such a splitting process. In their report in February issue of Nature in 1939, they gave it the name "fission". This principle led to the development of the first atomic bomb during World War II, and subsequently other nuclear weapons and nuclear reactors.

  Meitner received many awards and honours late in her life, but she did not share the 1944 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for nuclear fission, which was awarded exclusively to her long-time collaborator Otto Hahn. Several scientists and journalists have called her exclusion "unjust". According to the Nobel Prize archive, she was nominated 19 times for the Nobel Prize in Chemistry between 1924 and 1948, and 29 times for the Nobel Prize in Physics between 1937 and 1965. Despite not having been awarded the Nobel Prize, Meitner was invited to attend the Lindau Nobel Laureate Meeting in 1962. However, Meitner received many other honours, including the naming of chemical element 109 meitnerium in 1997.

  Ivar Kreuger. The rise and fall of a World business conglomerate - Wallenberg's main competitor.

  Ivar Kreuger (Swedish: [ˈǐːvar ˈkry̌ːɡɛr]; 2 March 1880 – 12 March 1932)[1] was a Swedish civil engineer, financier, entrepreneur and industrialist. In 1908, he co-founded the construction company Kreuger & Toll Byggnads AB, which specialized in new building techniques. By aggressive investments and innovative financial instruments, he built a global match and financial empire. Between the two world wars, he negotiated match monopolies with European, Central American and South American governments, and finally controlled between two thirds and three quarters of worldwide match production, becoming known as the "Match King".[2][3]

  Kreuger's financial empire has been described by one biographer as a Ponzi scheme, based on the supposedly fantastic profitability of his match monopolies.[4] However, in a Ponzi scheme early investors are paid dividends from their own money or that of subsequent investors. Although Kreuger did this to some extent, he also controlled many legitimate and often very profitable businesses, and owned banks, real estate, a gold mine, and pulp and industrial companies, besides his many match companies. Many of them have survived to this day. Kreuger & Toll, for example, was composed of bona fide businesses, and there were others like it.[5] Another biographer called Kreuger a "genius and swindler",[6] and John Kenneth Galbraith wrote that he was the "Leonardo of larcenists".[7] Kreuger's financial empire collapsed during the Great Depression. The Price Waterhouse autopsy of his financial empire stated: "The manipulations were so childish that anyone with but a rudimentary knowledge of bookkeeping could see the books were falsified."[8] In March 1932, he was found dead in the bedroom of his flat in Paris. The police concluded that he had committed suicide, but decades later, his brother Torsten claimed that he had been murdered, which spawned some controversial literature on the subject.

  Kreuger was born in Kalmar, the eldest son of Ernst August Kreuger (1852–1946), an industrialist in the match industry in that city,[9] and his wife Jenny Emelie Kreuger (née Forssman; 1856–1949). Ivar Kreuger had five siblings: Ingrid (born 1877), Helga (born 1878), Torsten (born 1884), Greta (born 1889) and Britta (born 1891).

  At school, Ivar skipped ahead two classes by taking private lessons. At age 16, he began studies at the Royal Institute of Technology in Stockholm, from which he graduated with combined master's degrees covering both the faculties of mechanical and civil engineering, at the age of 20.[10]

  Personal life[edit]

  Ingeborg Eberth and Ivar Kreuger. Photo from 1914.

  The building with address Villagatan No. 13A & 13B, where Ivar Kreuger had his apartment in Stockholm. Across the street at Villagatan 10, Paul Toll had his residence.

  Ivar Kreuger ready for take-off for a business trip in Europe with an early passenger plane.

  Mary Pickford, Douglas Fairbanks, Charles Magnusson and Ivar Kreuger (to the right) onboard M/Y Loris in Stockholm 1924.

  Ivar Kreuger never married, but lived for many years in different periods with Ingeborg Eberth (1889–1977),[11] family name Hässler, born in Stockholm, who worked as a physical therapist in Stockholm.

  They met for the first time in Stockholm in 1913. According to the book she wrote in 1932, after Krueger's death, he was not interested in marriage or children, and was very much focused on his business. She broke off the relationship in 1917 and moved to Denmark, where she married a Danish engineer with the name Eberth. They had a daughter in 1919, Grete Eberth (later to be an actress in Stockholm, married name Mac Laury 1919–2002). After some years, however, she divorced Eberth and moved back to Stockholm with her daughter, reuniting with Kreuger. Mr. Eberth once kidnapped the daughter in Stockholm and brought her back to Denmark. Shortly thereafter Ingeborg, without notifying the authorities or police, went down to Denmark and brought the daughter back to Sweden by hiring a private fishing boat in Denmark that took them over Öresund to Sweden. The new period with Kreuger lasted until around 1928; after that they just met occasionally. The last time they met was in November 1931, just before Kreuger started on his final trip to America. Eberth received the news about his death in Paris on March 12, 1932, from newspaper headlines the day after.

  Kreuger had private apartments in Stockholm, New York, Paris, and Warsaw, and a country place used during the summer season on the private island Ängsholmen[12] in the archipelago of Stockholm. On business tours in Europe, he preferred to meet his business associates in Paris and then stayed in his flat at 5, Av. Victor Emanuel III (today named Avenue Franklin D. Roosevelt). He owned several specially designed motor yachts, among them Elsa built in 1906, Loris (1913), Tärnan (1925), and the most famous, Svalan (Swallow),[13] built at Lidingö in 1928, a 37 ft, 4.9 ton motor yacht, equipped with a V12, 31.9 liter Hispano-Suiza engine from the US company Wright, with 650 HP output, capable of more than 50 knots. A replica of the boat has been built.[14]

  He had a large private library in both his apartments in Stockholm and New York and quite a large art collection. The paintings were sold at different auctions held in September 1932, as all of Kreuger's private assets were incorporated into the bankruptcy. The collection in Stockholm comprised 88 original paintings, among them 19 by Anders Zorn and a great number by old masters from the Netherlands. The New York collection included original paintings by Rembrandt and Anthony van Dyck.

  Kreuger became the major shareholder when the Swedish film company AB Svensk Filmindustri (SF) was founded in 1919 and because of that, sometimes met celebrities from the film industry. In June 1924, Mary Pickford and Douglas Fairbanks were invited by SF to Stockholm and were guided around the Stockholm archipelago in Kreuger's motor yacht Loris. A five-minute film sequence of this occasion is stored in SF's film archive.[15] Pickford, Fairbanks, Kreuger, Charles Magnusson (the manager for SF), Greta Garbo and various SF employees appear in the film.

  Early years in the United States[edit]

  After the start of the 20th century, Kreuger spent seven years traveling and working abroad as an engineer in the USA, Mexico, South Africa and other countries, but spent most of the time in the US. In South Africa, he ran a restaurant for a short time together with his friend Anders Jordahl, but they soon sold the restaurant. At an early stage, he came in contact with the patented Kahn System for concrete-steel constructions that was exploited by Julius Kahn's Trussed Concrete Steel Company, when working for different engineering companies, among them The Consolidated Engineering & Construction Co. and Purdy & Henderson in New York. This new technique had not been introduced in Sweden at that time. In 1907, he managed to get the representative rights for the system for both the Swedish and the German markets, and at the end of 1907, he returned to Sweden with the goal of introducing the new methods in both countries at the same time. At that time, one of the experts in Sweden in concrete-steel constructions was his cousin Henrik Kreüger working at KTH in Stockholm.

  The building contractor and his innovations[edit]

  Kreuger & Toll founders Paul Toll (standing), Henrik Kreüger (left) and Ivar Kreuger during an inspection of an overpass in Solna in 1908, one of the first orders for the construction company.

  In May 1908, Kreuger formed the construction firm Kreuger & Toll in Sweden with the engineer Paul Toll, at that time working for the construction company Kasper Höglund AB, and his cousin Henrik Kreüger, working at the faculty of civil engineering at KTH, as a consulting engineer for the company. In Germany, he formed the company Deutsche Kahneisengesellschaft[16] together with a colleague from his time in America, Anders Jordahl.[17]

  The new way of constructing buildings was not fully accepted in Sweden at that time and in order to market the new technique, Kreuger held several lectures and wrote an illustrated article on the subject in a leading engineering magazine, Teknisk Tidskrift.[18][citation needed]

  This new technology of constructing buildings was a success and the firm won several prestigious contracts, such as the construction of the Stockholm Olympic Stadium (1911–12); the foundation work for the new Stockholm City Hall (1912–13) and the department store NK (1913–14) in Stockholm. The chief engineer behind these advanced projects was Henrik Kreüger.

  Innovation in the construction business also included a definite commitment to finish the building on time. Hitherto the financial risk of delays were assumed by the clients. Kreuger & Toll was the first firm in Europe to commit to finish projects by a fixed date, thus shifting the risk to the builder, who after all was in the best position to reduce delays. When Kreuger won the contract to build a six-story "skyscraper", he promised that if construction wasn't finished by a particular date Kreuger & Toll would give the client a partial refund of $1,200 (about $18,000 in today's currency [1])for each late day. It is noteworthy that Kreuger & Toll's entire capital would have covered just two days of being late. The client, in turn, agreed to pay a bonus for every day the building was finished before the due date. Kreuger & Toll finished early and subsequently earned completion bonuses for every project. Within a few years, Kreuger & Toll was seen as the best building company in Sweden and one of the top firms in all of Europe.[19]

  Within six years after its incorporation, Kreuger & Toll earned annual profits of around $200,000 and was paying a substantial dividend of 15%.[20] In 1917, the company was split into two separate companies: Kreuger & Toll Construction AB, with the majority of shares owned by Paul Toll. Ivar Kreuger was not among the board members in the construction company. How much of Paul Toll's company Ivar Kreuger owned has not been revealed—just that Paul Toll owned 60% in 1917 and, around 1930, 66% of the construction company. Kreuger & Toll Construction Co. has never shown up in any Kreuger & Toll Holding organisation charts.

  Kreuger & Toll Holding became his financial holding company, with Ivar Kreuger as the general manager and major share holder. He controlled it with a tight grip. The board of directors consisted of Ivar, his father, Paul Toll and two very close colleagues.[20][21]

  After Ivar got involved in his father's match factories in Kalmar, he became more focused on "constructing" new companies or taking control of other corporations - usually paying with his own securities instead of cash - rather than buildings and bridges. Thus, by 1927, Ivar had bought banks, mining companies, railways, timber and paper firms, film distributors, real estate in several European cities as well as a controlling stake in L.M. Ericsson & Co., Sweden's leading phone company. He controlled about 50% of the world market in iron ore and cellulose. He owned mines all over the world including the Boliden mine in Sweden, which had one of the richest gold deposits outside South Africa in addition to other minerals.[22]

  Kreuger formed Swedish Match by merging his father's business with other match factories he had quietly bought during World War I. Its initial capital was around $10 million (c. $150 million in today's currency [2]) and Ivar owned about half of it, held all senior positions and controlled the board of directors.[23]

  The Swedish banker Oscar Rydbeck (1878–1951) became a close associate and an important teacher for Ivar in the financing business. He worked for Kreuger & Toll as a consultant from around 1912 until the Kreuger Crash in 1932 and was a member of its board of directors. For not having carried out his duties as a director he went to jail for 10 months after Ivar's death.[24]

  The match business[edit]

  Ivar Kreuger in the headquarters of Swedish Match, the Matchstick Palace, in Stockholm around 1930.

  Oscar Rydbeck, Ivar Kreuger's banker. Photo: around 1930.

  In 1911 and 1912, the Kreuger family match factories in Kalmar, Fredriksdal and Mönsterås, run by his father Ernst Kreuger, uncle Fredrik Kreuger and his brother Torsten Kreuger, encountered financial problems. Kreuger was then advised by his banker Oscar Rydbeck to turn the factories into a stock corporation in order to raise more capital. This was the starting point for the reformation of the Swedish match industry as well as the major match companies in Norway and Finland. The goal was to get control of the entire match industry in Scandinavia.

  With the family match factories as the base, Kreuger first founded the Swedish corporation AB Kalmar-Mönsterås Tändsticksfabrik in 1912. His father, Ernst, and uncle Fredrik, became the major shareholders and his brother Torsten was appointed the general manager. Ivar became a member of the board.

  A merger between this company with several other small match companies in Sweden, the company AB Svenska Förenade Tändsticksfabriker[25] was founded in 1913 with Ivar Kreuger as the general manager. Later, by merging with the largest match company in Sweden, AB Jönköping-Vulcan, Svenska Tändsticks AB (Swedish Match) was founded in 1917. Ivar had originally tried to convince AB Jönköping-Vulcan to merge in December 1912, but they had not been interested as Vulcan was the dominating match company in Sweden. Ivar then started to acquire all of the match companies as well as most of the raw material companies he could find in and around Sweden and then finally got AB Jönköping-Vulcan to accept the merger. He had been so persuasive in arguing for the merger that he managed to overvalue his side of the deal so that it was essentially the smaller organization taking over the larger one. It was his first big venture in inflating values, which became his prime tactic thereafter.[26]

  One of the main designers behind this operation, besides Ivar, was his banker Rydbeck. The total number of shares in the new company was 450,000. Ivar Kreuger personally owned 223,000 shares and his new holding company, Kreuger & Toll Holding AB, 60,000.

  This company group now covered the entire match industry in Sweden, including all the major companies that manufactured the production machines used in the factories. The total number of employees working in match production in Sweden in 1917 was around 9000. It also had control over major companies supplying the raw material for the match industry. During this time Kreuger also acquired the largest match manufacturing companies in Norway (Bryn and Halden) and in Finland (Wiborgs and Kekkola).

  However, Kreuger not only "acquired" companies but also introduced a new way of thinking in the Swedish match industry with large scale production facilities as well as ideas to increase efficiency in production, administration, distribution, and marketing.

  He managed to unite the Swedish match industry as well as the major match companies in Norway and Finland. With this new company structure the match industry in Scandinavia became a major competitor to large manufacturers elsewhere. Ivar's methods resembled those John D. Rockefeller used in the formation of the Standard Oil Trust transforming dozens of struggling factories into a strong and profitable monopoly.[27] The methods had become illegal in the USA because of anti-trust laws, but were not against the law in Sweden at the time.

  A German chemist had invented phosphorus matches in 1832 but they were dangerous because the yellow phosphorus used was poisonous and because it was in the match head and thus could easily light by accident. The Swedes improved on the design by using a safer red phosphorus, which they put on the striking surface of the matchbox. They called them "safety matches". They made Sweden the leading exporter of matches and made matches the most important Swedish export.[28]

  It should be remembered that in the early part of the 20th century matches were a necessity for smoking and the lighting of stoves and gas appliances among other uses, and therefore demand for them was highly inelastic, meaning that a monopolist could raise prices (and hence profits) significantly without much affecting the quantity sold.

  By expanding the Swedish Match company through acquisition of government-created monopolies, the Swedish company became the world's largest match manufacturer. Kreuger set up an affiliate to Kreuger & Toll AB in the United States, and together with Lee, Higginson & Co. in New York, formed the International Match Corporation. This group eventually came to control almost 75% of the world production in matches.

  Other business[edit]

  See also: Zündwaren monopoly

  From 1925 to 1930, years when many countries in Europe were suffering after the First World War, Kreuger's companies gave loans to governments to speed up reconstruction. As a security, the governments would grant him the match monopoly in their country. This means that Kreuger gained a monopoly in match production, sales, or distribution, or a complete monopoly. The monopoly agreements differed from country to country. The capital was raised to a large extent through loans from Swedish and American banks, combined with issuing a large amount of participating debentures. Kreuger also often moved money from one corporation he controlled to another.

  Kreuger did not limit himself to matches, but gained control of most of the forestry industry in northern Sweden and planned to become head of a cellulose cartel. He also attempted to create a telephone monopoly in Sweden.

  After founding the pulp manufacturer SCA, in 1929 Kreuger was able to acquire the majority shares in the telephone company Ericsson; the mining company Boliden (gold); major interests in the ball bearing manufacturer SKF; the bank Skandinaviska Kreditaktiebolaget and others.

  Abroad he acquired Deutsche Unionsbank in Germany and Union de Banques à Paris in France, often with the acquired company's own money. These maneuvers were made both necessary and possible by his invention, decades ahead of his time, of Enron-style financial engineering, which reported profits when there were none and paid out ever increasing dividends by attracting new investment and/or looting the treasury of a newly acquired company.

  By 1931, Kreuger controlled some 200 companies. However, the Stock Market Crash of 1929 turned out to be a major factor in exposing his accounting that ultimately proved fatal to both him and his empire.

  In the spring of 1930, he visited the United States and gave a lecture about the situation in world economics at the Industrial Club of Chicago with the title "The transfer problem and its importance to the United States".[29] He was invited by President Hoover to the White House to discuss the subject and in June he was awarded the title Doctor of Business Administration by Syracuse University, where he had worked as a young chief engineer when Archbold Stadium was built there in 1907.

  In 1929, at the peak of his career, the Kreuger fortune was thought to be worth 30 billion Swedish kronor, equivalent to approximately US$100 billion in 2000,[citation needed] and consisting of more than 200 companies.[citation needed] In the same year, the total loans made by Swedish banks were barely 4 billion SEK.[citation needed]

  Financial innovations and financial engineering[edit]

  Obtaining a monopoly for the production and/or sale of matches in return for loans to governments was, in its essence, not a new way of doing business. Such schemes had been around for a long time (e.g. the Mississippi Bubble of John Law, and the South Sea Bubble) but Kreuger was very creative inventing new ways of financing business, while making sure that he kept control of his companies.

  B-shares[edit]

  Kreuger financed his activities by selling shares and bonds of his companies as well as through large bank loans, mainly the last two. The use of debt in addition to equity is called leverage and it magnifies both gains and losses.[30]

  With respect to selling shares, he invented dual class ownership shares[31] since he did not want to lose control of his companies. He called the class of shares with reduced voting power B shares. One of Kreuger's biographers, Frank Partnoy, called it "an ingenious piece of financial engineering". Ivar began with Swedish Match where he divided the common shares into two classes. Each class would have the same claim to dividends and profits, but the B shares would carry only 1/1000 of a vote, compared to one vote for each A share. In this way Ivar could double the size of his capital, while diluting his control by just a fraction of a percent.[32]

  Presently such shares are sometimes called A Shares with the B Shares having more voting power, as is the case with Google for instance where they carry ten times more voting power than the A Shares.[33]

  As already stated, these types of shares are used to this day although, unlike in Kreuger's time, there are often restrictions in some markets and/or jurisdictions nowadays. The New York Stock Exchange, for example, allows companies to list dual-class voting shares. Once shares are listed, however, companies are not allowed to reduce the voting rights of the existing shares or issue a new class of superior voting shares.[34]

  There is a wide range of dual-class share structures and their use between countries. In Canada, for example, an estimated 20% to 25% of companies currently listed on the TSX make use of some form of dual-class share structure or special voting rights. In the United States on the other hand, where rules on dual-class shares are much more restrictive and investor opposition is more vocal, just over 2% of companies issue restricted shares.[35]

  Convertible gold debentures[edit]

  Ivar and Lee Higginson & Co., his investment banker in the USA, decided to have International Match issue new securities called convertible gold debentures. "Debenture" is a debt instrument not secured by physical collateral or assets.[36] They were issued to mature in 20 years and they were payable in either dollars or gold, at the holder's option. These bonds gave investors the right to receive annual interest payments of 6.5 percent from International Match, which was an attractive rate at the time.

  Finally, these debentures were convertible, which meant that they could be converted into shares. If International Match performed well and the value of the shares increased, investors could switch from the debentures to the more valuable shares. The convertible feature made these securities particularly attractive: they have both downside protection (because in the case of bankruptcy the bond holders were paid before the shareholders) and upside potential. In other words, the best of both worlds. "Ivar and Lee Higginson had designed their first financial mousetrap."

  Ivar's popularity helped Lee Higginson sell $15 million of International Match gold debentures, at a price of $94.50 for each $100 of principal amount. Investors paid $94.50 in return for the right to receive interest of $6.50 per year for 20 years (6.5 percent of the hundred dollars principal amount.). The deal raised a total of $14,175,000, i.e. 94.5 percent of $15 million.[37]

  American Certificates[edit]

  Kreuger invented another financial instrument, which continues to be used and is nowadays known as American depositary receipts. That issue was called Kreuger & Toll "American Certificates". American investors had never seen an investment like this. It was part bond, part preferred stock, and part profit sharing option. The certificates enabled investors to gain exposure to a foreign company that had been paying dividends of 25 percent. It would be backed by the largest private loan to a foreign government (i.e. Germany) ever. Even in the midst of the growing panic investors went crazy for the issue and promised to buy 28 million dollars of the new securities.[38] And this happened two days after Black Monday in 1929.

  Binary foreign exchange option[edit]

  The second Poland agreement also contained some extraordinary protection for International Match including a binary foreign exchange option, a kind of derivative contract,[39] to protect International Match from any declines in the value of the dollar: "International Match Corporation shall have the right to obtain payment of interest in Dutch guilders or US dollars according to its choice and for all such payments one dollar shall be counted as 2½ guilders."

  To retain control of Garanta, Ivar created another innovative financial provision, which meant that during the first four years until October 1, 1929, International Match Corporation had the right to appoint the managing director of Garanta who alone was entitled to sign for the company. On or after October 1, 1929, International Match Corporation had the right to acquire 60 percent of the shares at par. This option term secured both initial control over Garanta and the right to own a majority of Garanta's shares in the future.[40]

  Off balance sheet entities[edit]

  This term means that details of an enterprise do not appear in the parent company's financial statements. Some of these entities were more or less secret. The associated debt, called "off balance sheet obligations", didn't appear in any financial statements of the companies Ivar controlled other than in summary form, if at all.[41] Albert D. Berning of the firm Ernst & Ernst, International Match's auditor, rationalized it at the shareholder's meeting in 1926. He said "it is only customary to consolidate the assets and liabilities of companies in such a balance sheet when a substantial majority of the outstanding shares are owned by the parent company. Where less than such a majority is owned, the shares are included as investments."[42] This invention gained rapid acceptance by others, e.g. Goldman Sachs and Lehman Brothers. The former issued 250 million dollars' worth of complex securities (equivalent to about 3.75 billion in today's money) in 1929. Lehman issued similar obligations, which immediately rose 30 percent.[43] Enron used them extensively and in the financial crisis of 2008 they played a major role in bringing down Bear Stearns and Lehman Brothers.

  Gambling[edit]

  Despite the large number of bona fide companies Ivar controlled, he was an avid gambler.

  He speculated with his personal funds and, especially, with the money of the corporations he controlled. Kreuger treated most of his companies as if they were exclusively his personal property. He frequently transferred funds from one corporation to another with little formality. A number of dummy corporations and holding companies (e.g. Garanta and Continental Investment Corporation) helped him to hide what he was doing. He also used other people as front men to conceal his actions, for example when he acquired almost half of the outstanding shares of Diamond Match Company so as not to raise anti-trust concerns in the USA. Towards the end, in 1932, when he frantically gambled with the securities of corporations he controlled in the vain attempt to reverse their falling prices, he played the markets himself and had friends help him in the effort to prop up share prices. Between the end of February and early March 1932 he needed to make over $10 million (equivalent to more than $150 million in today's money) for payments, including Kreuger & Toll dividends.

  His speculations were in foreign currencies, equities and derivatives and he also signed loan agreements with governments not knowing where the funds would be coming from. For example, the majority stake he had bought in a chemical company in Griesheim, Germany returned 15 times his investment after two years when the company became part of I. G. Farben. Part of his attraction for investors were the high dividends Kreuger & Toll paid. Therefore, he also had to make sure that he had money to pay those dividends.

  It has never been established how much Kreuger lost in these frantic efforts in early 1932, but it has been estimated to be between $50 million and $100 million (c. $750 million and $1.5 billion in today's currency).[44]

  His first sovereign loan went to Poland, and when Kreuger signed the agreement he had no idea where the funds would come from.

  He made a deal with Germany for a $125 million-dollar loan (almost $1.9 billion in today's currency) with the conditions that Germany sign the Young Plan and, of course, award him a match monopoly. (He already controlled 70% of German match production before the loan agreement.) When he signed the contract, again he had no idea where he would obtain the huge amount; however, he was lucky. Prime Minister Aristide Briand of France decided to repay a previous $75 million-dollar loan from Ivar before it was due. Incredibly, the French agreed to pay this sum by April 1930, just before Ivar's first payment to Germany was due. That payment gave Ivar enough cash to make his first installment. Either he had negotiated a sweetheart rescue deal with Prime Minister Briand, or he was incredibly lucky. He also made $5M (c. $75 million in today's currency) due to the way the loan to France was structured. (It had been discounted and although France received only $70 million it was obligated to pay back $75 million.)[45]

  Companies controlled by Kreuger, c. 1930[edit]

  It should be kept in mind that Kreuger controlled around 400 companies, therefore the following list is highly selective.[46]

  • Kreuger & Toll AB. Holding company for most corporations Kreuger controlled. (Notable exceptions include Diamond Match Company, of which he owned almost half the outstanding shares, Ohio Match Company and I.G. Farben.)

  • Svenska Tändsticks Aktiebolaget-STAB

  • International Match Corporation, US. Holding company for countries outside Europe. Founded in 1923.

  • Diamond Match, US

  • Ohio Match, US

  • Stora Kopparbergs Bergslags AB

  • Svenska kullagerfabriken (Ball bearing company)

  • LKAB (Mining company)

  • Bolidens Gruv AB (Mining company, mainly gold.)

  • Hufvudstaden AB (Real estate company. Main interests in Stockholm City. Founded by Ivar Kreuger 1915.)

  • Telefon AB L.M. Ericsson[47]

  • SCA (Cellulose industry.)

  • Högbroforsens Industri AB (Cellulose industry.)

  • Sirus A/G

  • Szikra Ungar. Zundholzfabriken

  • Alsing Trading Co, England

  • SF (Movie industry.)

  • Skandinaviska Kreditaktiebolaget

  • Stockholms Inteckningsgaranti AB

  • Trafik AB Grängesberg-Oxelösund (Railroad company.)

  • Deutsche Bank[citation needed]

  • Union de Banques à Paris

  • Banque de Suède et de Paris

  • Hollandsche Koopmansbank

  • Aktienbauverein Passage

  • AG für Hausbesitz

  • Bank Amerykański w Polsce, Poland

  Kreuger group loans to foreign states, 1925–1930[edit]

  The total loans by Kreuger to foreign states have been estimated to US$ 387m in 1930, corresponding to about USD$ 7.1 - 10.4 bn in 2013 currency.[48]

  • Poland I, 1925: $6m and Poland II, 1930: $32.4m

  • Free State Danzig, 1930: $1m

  • Greece I, 1926: GB£1m and Greece II, 1931: £1m

  • Ecuador I, 1927: $2m and Ecuador II, 1929: $1m

  • France, 1927: $75m

  • Yugoslavia, 1928: $22m

  • Kingdom of Hungary, 1928: $36m

  • Germany, 1929: $125m

  • Latvia, 1928: $6m

  • Romania, 1930: $30m

  • Lithuania, 1930: $6m

  • Bolivia, 1930: 2 $m

  • Estonia, 1928: SEK 7.6m

  • Guatemala, 1930; $2.5m

  • Turkey, 1930: $10m

  • Part of the "Young-loan"[49] to Germany, 1930: US$15m

  Kreuger planned to issue a loan of $75m to Italy, known as the "Italian Bond" in 1930 but the deal was never completed.[50]

  End of the Kreuger empire and death[edit]

  In March 1931, during a meeting at the German Ministry of Finance in Berlin, Swiss banker Felix Somary already warned of a bankruptcy of Kreuger's match company.[51] By mid-1931, rumours spread that Kreuger & Toll and other companies in Kreuger's empire were financially unstable. In February 1932, Kreuger turned to Sveriges Riksbank for the second time in his life to support him in raising a large increase in his loans. At this time his total loans from Swedish banks were estimated at about half of the Swedish reserve currency, which had started to have negative effects on the value of the Swedish currency in the international financial market. In order to grant him more loans, the government required that a complete statement of accounts of Kreuger's entire company group be presented, as the bank's (Sveriges Riksbank) own calculations showed that Kreuger & Toll finances were far too weak to give him more loans.

  At that time, Ivar Kreuger was in the United States and was asked to return to Europe for a meeting with the chairman of the Riksbank, Ivar Rooth. He had left Sweden for the last time on 23 November 1931 and returned to Europe on the ship Ile de France, arriving in Paris on 11 March 1932. The meeting with Ivar Rooth was scheduled to take place on 13 or 14 March in Berlin. He met with Krister Littorin (vice president of Kreuger & Toll holding) and his own banker Oscar Rydbeck in Paris on 11 March to prepare for the Berlin meeting. But the day after he was found dead in bed in his apartment at Avenue Victor Emanuel III. After questioning Kreuger's servants (his French maid, Mademoiselle Barrault, and the janitor who had had contact with Kreuger in the morning) the French police and a physician came to the conclusion that he had shot himself some time between 10:45 a.m. and 12:10 p.m. A 9-mm semi-automatic gun was found on the bed beside the body.

  He left a sealed envelope in the room, addressed to Krister Littorin, which contained three other sealed envelopes - one addressed to his sister Britta; one to Sune Schéle;[52] and one addressed to Littorin. In the letter to Littorin (for some reason written in English although Littorin was his closest Swedish colleague), he wrote:

  I have made such a mess of things that I believe this to be the most satisfactory solution for everybody concerned. Please, take care of these two letters also see that two letters which were sent a couple of days ago by Jordahl to me at 5, Avenue Victor Emanuel are returned to Jordahl. The letters were sent by Majestic - Goodbye now and thanks. I K.[53][54]

  Ivar Kreuger was interred in Norra begravningsplatsen in Stockholm.

  Murder allegations[edit]

  While his family believed Ivar Kreuger to have been murdered, it was only more than 30 years after Ivar Kreuger's death that many previously classified Kreuger & Toll documents and Ivar Kreuger documents were made public. Based on these and his insight in his brother's business and life, Ivar's brother Torsten Kreuger wrote a book in 1963 (2nd edition) called Kreuger & Toll, describing how Kreuger & Toll had been taken over, and how then the other Kreuger companies were taken over too. In 1965, Torsten Kreuger published Sanningen om Ivar Kreuger (published in English as: "Ivar Kreuger: The Truth at Last") claiming that his brother Ivar had been murdered. Recently, more books have been written claiming that more documents have re-appeared or were finally released to public scrutiny, and supporting Torsten Kreuger's claims that his brother was murdered: Därför mördades Ivar Kreuger ("The Reason for the Murder of Ivar Kreuger") (ISBN91-7055-019-0) (1990), and Kreuger-Mordet: En utredning med nya fakta (translation: "The Kreuger Murder: An Investigation with New Facts") (ISBN91-630-9780-X) (2000).

  The Kreuger Crash[edit]

  Kreuger's death precipitated the Kreuger Crash which hit investors and companies worldwide, but particularly hard in the United States and Sweden. In 1933 and 1934, the U.S. Congress passed several security reform legislations that were meant to prevent a repeat of the Kreuger Crash. These bills were largely successful in their mission and the American financial industry did not witness frauds of the same magnitude until the Enron scandal and Bernard Madoff's Ponzi scheme.

  A Foreign Affairs report from 1930 had judged that of the $630m worth of assets the company claimed to have, $200m came from the match business, $30m were in the bank, and the other $400m were merely categorized as "other investments".[55] When the company finally went bankrupt at the end of March 1932, claimed assets of $250m turned out to be non-existent.

  Prior to the crash, Kreuger had issued thousands of participating debentures. These were very popular, and a firm public belief in the rising Kreuger empire convinced contemporary Swedes to invest in these "Kreuger papers". Following the Kreuger crash, both the debentures and shares became worthless, and several thousand Swedes and small banks lost their savings and investments as a result. Large investors and suppliers apart from share holders, received a total of 43% back. The banks related to the Wallenberg family company group, Stenbeck company group, and Handelsbanken took over most of the companies in the Kreuger empire. Swedish Match recovered shortly after the crash as did most of the industrial companies within the Kreuger empire. Swedish Match received a large government guaranteed loan that was fully repaid after several years. IMCO in US however did not survive. The liquidation took nine years and was eventually finished in 1941.

  Tentative conclusions[edit]

  One biographer called him a genius and swindler.[3] John Kenneth Galbraith wrote "Boiler-room operators, peddlers of stocks in the imaginary Canadian mines, mutual-fund managers whose genius and imagination are unconstrained by integrity, as well as less exotic larcenists, should read about Kreuger. He was the Leonardo of their craft."[56] Ivar himself admitted to some extent that not all was above board when he said, "I've built my enterprise on the firmest ground that can be found—the foolishness of people."[57] Perhaps Andrew Beattie summed it up best: "Ivar Kreuger is still a bit of an enigma in history. ...At times it seemed that he was a solid, if ruthless, businessman, and at other times he appeared every inch a scam artist. Between those times, he either built a match monopoly that overreached or orchestrated one of the biggest pyramid schemes in history."[58]

  Many of his financial schemes did indeed have some parallels with a Ponzi scheme in as much as he needed to raise more and more funds in order to finance the loans he extended to governments in exchange for match monopolies. It's obvious that it's impossible to have earnings in single digits (as these sovereign loans typically paid) and continue paying dividends in double digits. Dividends were as high as 20%.[59] However, while paying high dividends was definitely one of the attractions of Kreuger's companies, paying dividends to his investors did not come exclusively from new investors, which is the case in Ponzi schemes.

  Balance sheets and Profit and Loss statements served one major purpose, if not the only one, for Ivar and that was they had to be helpful in his fund raising efforts. Often they were just pure fantasy to be revised at will to please investors. He also frequently treated the assets of corporations he controlled as if they were his own. However, things should be seen in the context of the time. IBM, for example, consolidated all its accounts in one named Plant, Property, Equipment, Machines, Patents and Goodwill. American Can doubled its reported net earnings in 1913 by claiming only $1 million of depreciation after having claimed $2.5 million the previous year. Many companies set up arbitrary reserves in good times to be used in bad years and few holding companies published consolidated financial statements.

  Accounting standards and auditors' responsibility for the accuracy of financial statements evolved over time. Corporations resisted publishing audited financial statements. US Steel defied convention when it published its first audited financial statements in 1903. Indeed, accountants in the early 1900s "fiercely resisted efforts to impose strict accounting standards". It was not until the US Securities Acts' of 1933 and 1934—both heavily influenced by Kreuger's actions—that generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP) began to be established. Only in the 1970s and 1980s were auditors forced to accept more responsibility for the veracity of financial statements but loopholes continued to exist (and probably still do).[60]

  Dishonesty was part of Ivar's behaviour almost from the beginning of his career. In the first loan for a match monopoly, Ivar's brother Torsten negotiated with Dr. Marjam Glowacki, a senior Polish finance ministry official. After the documents were signed Ivar decided that it might be useful in the future to replicate Dr. Glowacki's signature. He ordered a rubber stamp that would produce a facsimile should he need it in the future. He did not use it; however, from then on he had rubber stamps made of official signatures of almost all his match deals.[61] "Mostly, Ivar had been skirting the edges of legal rules, to preserve his own flexibility."[62] But the forgery of Italian bonds was outright fraud. A lithographer who had printed share certificates for Ivar made 42 Italian bills, which Ivar signed with the names of G. Boselli (an official in the Ministry of Finance) and A. Mosconi, (the Minister of Finance). It has never been explained why these forgeries were so crude. He even misspelled Boselli's name several times.[63] Ivar kept them in his safe for almost two years. They would have been worth between c. 100 to 140 million dollars, if they had not been forged. (About 1.5 to 2.1 billion in today's money) When he was desperate for funds, Ivar tried to use them claiming that they were genuine.[64]

  Yet it would be a mistake to conclude that Ivar was nothing but a crook. Reality was more nuanced. For one thing disclosure rules in his days were much less stringent. Many corporations refused to reveal details for fear competitors would gain an advantage. (At least that was the claim often made.) Some firms did not even publish quarterly results. Ivar, too, was very secretive and not only with investors. When he was on the verge of hiring somebody he usually asked: "Can he keep a secret?" He was also very fond of quoting his motto for success: "Silence, more silence, and still more silence."[65] Also one cannot fault him for the speculative fever in the 1920s. Without the hunger for ever larger profits many of Ivar's schemes would not have been possible. Incidentally this facilitated a transfer of capital from the USA to Europe where it was, often desperately, needed. He sold shares in the US worth 250 million dollars (equivalent to c. 3.75 billion today) and transferred almost all of it to his holding company in Liechtenstein, Continental Investment Corporation. Shareholders of International Match had given him authority to do this so there was nothing wrong with it. There was also a tax advantage because of the advantageous deal he had negotiated with Liechtenstein. But Ivar did it above all to have the flexibility to manipulate balance sheets and financial statements so they would look more attractive to investors as well as helping him—to some extent—pay the high dividends of Swedish Match and Kreuger & Toll. He got the nickname "Saviour of Europe" by lending about $400 million (equivalent to c. $6 billion today) to rebuild their shattered economies after World War I.[59] He invented new financial instruments to help him raise funds and, of course, make him money. Indeed, many consider Ivar to be the father of modern financial schemes.[66] Oscar Rydbeck, his Swedish banker, said Ivar was the third richest man in the world. He, however, claimed "money as such means nothing to me".[67] Ivar was also a successful speculator for much of his life, earning money until shortly before the end. Trying to support the collapsing share prices of many of his companies (including ways which were—if not illegal—questionable, e.g. using straw men for share transactions. In the case of his acquisition of Diamond Match shares it was clearly illegal because of anti-trust laws.)

  He controlled many legitimate, profitable businesses, some of which still exist to this day. (Examples include Swedish Match, Ericsson, Boliden AB, - Europe's largest gold mine[68] -, Skandinaviska Banken and SKF.) "Kreuger & Toll kept few accounting records despite the fact that it was a multibillion-dollar international conglomerate with over 400 subsidiaries."[69]

  The total of bank loans and proceeds of the sale of securities was about $650 million (almost $10 billion in today's money). At the time of his death in 1932, assets were worth about $200 million, which was half of what Kreuger claimed in financial statements. Some of the shrinkage was due to depressed prices, but much went into paying dividends from capital over the years.[70] Swedish Match's bankruptcy cost American investors over $250 million ($3.75 billion today).[71]

  Precis som vi har postulerat att det snart skulle komma upp, så kommer här då grunden till det kalla kriget i ett skademinimeringsförsök från den Djupa Statens sida i Sverige:

  Expressens löp 1945-08-07, dagen efter Hiroshima bomben föll, löd enligt följande:

  "Atomprocessen fann vägen undan Hitler via Stockholm. Flyende judinna hade hemligheten till världens starkaste kraft"

  Detta gällde alltså Lise Meitner som enligt samma sida fortsatte sin spaltning av uran i sverige och att hon hade sänt sina resultat från Sverige till USA och då handlar detta om Manhattanprojektet där två av hennes bästa vänner arbetade med just atomklyvningen till Hiroshima och Nagasakibomberna – Hitler var då alltså redan död sedan drygt tre månader tillbaka och Tyskland kapitulerade slutligt den 7-8 maj 1945, alltså en månad senare….

  Vilka som finansierade Hitler och ägde betydande delar aktier i moderbolaget IG Farben behöver kanske inte utvecklas mer:

  Men…..i Ljungaverk så framställdes alltså tungt vatten – Deuterium – som alltså var nödvändigt för denna typ av forskning som Meitner bedrev, enligt uppgift i Ljusdal?

  Vi har faktiskt en lite annorlunda idé om hur detta kan ha gått till – inte minst ur perspektivet av ägandet och kontrollen över fabriken som framställde Deuteriumet inom ramen för vad som hette Fosfatbolaget.

  I Fosfatbolaget egna handlingar om den bredvidliggande "Gummifabriken i Ljungaverk – med uppdrag av lustigt nog industrikommissionen…som styrdes av … – under kriget finns det uttalanden av forskare som arbetade mycket nära Nobelpristagaren professor Svedberg, där det klargörs vikten av att producera och forska är av större vikt under krigstid, än dokumentation och att lägga tid på administrativa uppgifter….

  Detta väcker ju milt sagt en viss förvåning – alltså mycket milt uttryckt med avseende på att forskningen rimligtvis rent faktiskt måste kunna spridas – men ändå inte minst utifrån vad som följer här i detta där personen ifråga som saknar dokumentation, men ändå själv drygt 40-år efter att gummifabriken sprängdes i luften till mycket små delar innan kriget var slut, skriver i en bok om fabriken i Ljungaverk SG-1 att:

  " Vi har inte gjort några ansträngningar att efterforska handlingar och det är för övrigt troligt att de kritiska åren 1942-43 avsatt ganska obetydliga spår i handlingarna. Vi som arbetade i projektet var helt överens med våra uppdragsgivare i industrikommissionen om att vi inte skulle skriva PM så mycket, utan tillverka gummi"

  Skulle detta möjligen kunna ha någon bäring på uppkomsten av det kalla kriget, samt faktiskt även utifrån den resa som Rudolph Hess gjorde till England? Tyskland kan ju som bekant inte hållas delat med mur längre för att minska risken för att Tyskland och Ryssland börjar att samarbeta mer....

  CN. Palanthir 2018-09-25.

  Operation – Stella Polaris.

  Officially, operation Stella Polaris was said to be of the origins of the Finnish intelligence service, but in reality, the origin was out of the Swedish Intelligence service and the Wallenberg telechom hardware and software control. The invention of the decrypting technique through the Cryptograph machines where already tested and operating in the mid 1930´s and was based on the earlier hardwiring of the telechom infrastructure and its potential for, whenever it was needed, tapping information from that engineered grid.

  The set up of the scandinavian countries, being controlled by the Wallenberg infrastructure, was a strange one upon reflection, but when focused upon, the patterns of potential manipulation of information emerged more obvius. Operation Stella Polaris had the decrupting capacity of tapping highly classified information from both, or more, parties of conflicts and wars and was a reality pre- under and after the WW2.

  (Commander of thieves CN – 19:17)

  Operation Stella Polaris was the cover name for an operation in which Finnish signals intelligence records, equipment and personnel were transported into Sweden in late September 1944 after the end of combat on the Finnish-Soviet front in the Second World War.[1] The purpose was to enable the signals intelligence activities against the advancing Russians to continue in Sweden and to prevent the equipment falling into the hands of the Soviet Union. A Soviet invasion was considered likely and plans were made to support guerrilla warfare in Finland after a possible occupation. The operation had its base in the small fishing village of Nämpnäs in Närpes, Ostrobothnia region, from where the archives were shipped to Swedish ports. The leaders of the operation were Colonel Aladár Paasonen, chief of Finnish military intelligence, and Colonel Reino Hallamaa, head of the Finnish signals intelligence section.[2]

  On 20 September 1944 a large part of the Finnish signals intelligence unit was moved to Sweden.[2] From the Swedish side Major Carl Petersén, head of the Defence Staff's intelligence section C-byrån, was responsible for the operation. Approximately 750 people were transported across the Gulf of Bothnia: by three ships from Närpes to Härnösand; and one ship from Uusikaupunki to Gävle. The ships also carried boxes of archives and signals intelligence equipment.[3]

  After the Soviet Union was ceded parts of Karelia and Salla from Finland on 19 September 1944, in accord with the Moscow Armistice, the majority of the Finnish personnel and their families returned home, except those hired by Sweden's National Defence Radio Establishment (FRA). They crossed the border at the Torne River in secret. Sweden offered to take over the equipment and some of the documents. The FRA thus had access to technical equipment and seven boxes of files, which became important in the newly established activities of the FRA.[4]

  Operation Stella Polaris led to Sweden gaining access to a large amount of high quality intelligence. It also learnt signals intelligence techniques from the Finnish personnel, some of whom the Swedes hired. For Finland, the operation resulted in domestic political entanglements as a result of the Finnish People's Democratic League's strong influence in government. These included action against several of those involved in the operation for so-called "anti-Soviet" activities, resulting in prison sentences.[5]

  From October 1944 the intelligence material was moved to the basement of the Hotel Aston in Stockholm. There, the Finnish operations leader Reino Hallamaa microfilmed the material, which he sold to several countries' intelligence agencies. Later the material was removed by the FRA. Large parts of the material were then stored by Carl C:son Bonde at Hörningsholm Castle, and twenty-nine boxes by Svante Påhlson [sv] at Rottneros Manor from 20 March 1945. Seven boxes of material had previously been submitted to the FRA. In the early 1960s, the secret documents from Operation Stella Polaris were burned at Lövsta garbage dump in Stockholm on the instruction of the then Director-General of FRA, Gustaf Tham, and the now-retired general Carl Ehrensvärd.[6]

  The Finns involved in Operation Stella Polaris were persecuted and arrested after their return to Finland by the Communist-dominated State Police. It was not until the early 1950s that the Finnish Chancellor of Justice declared those who participated in Operation Stella Polaris would not be subject to war crimes proceedings.

  In the village of Nämpnäs there is a memorial to the operation. 15–20 Finnish signal technicians who travelled to Sweden in Operation Stella Polaris were immediately made Swedish citizens and remained as FRA employees in Sweden. The Finnish military intelligence chief Aladár Paasonen, who together with Reino Hallamaa had the main responsibility for the operation, worked with the American forces in Germany in the mid- '50s [7] and later lived until the 1970s in the United States. Reino Hallamaa moved to Spain, where he started a construction company.